PLANT PROTECTION

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Pests and diseases in various crops

Paddy

 

Sugarcane

 

Grape

 

Pomegranate

 

Tomato

 

Chili

 

Capsicum

 

Onion

 

Potato

 

Brinjal

 

Cucumber

 

Watermelon

 

Wheat

 

Paddy

Blast

Symptoms –

Irregular spots with dark reddish brown margins & gray center

Big irregular patches on leaves

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

 

Brown SPOT

Symptoms – 

Dark brown or black spots also appear on glumes.

Infected seed causes failure of seed germination, infected in nurseries leads to seedling mortality.

Remedy – 

Bordogold 5 gm per litre water.

 

Sugarcane

Blast

Symptoms –

The spindle leaves (3rd & 14th) display drying. At a later stage, stalks become discoloured and hollow.

Acervuli (black fruiting bodies) develop on rind and nodes. After splitting open the diseased stalk, a sour smell emanates.

The internal tissues are reddened with intermingled transverse white spots.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm & Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml per liter water.

Sugarcane Wilt

Symptoms –

Dark brown or black spots also appear on glumes.

Infected seed causes failure of seed germination, infected in nurseries leads to seedling mortality.

Remedy – 

Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

 

Grassy shoOt

Symptoms –

The disease is characterized by proliferation of vegetative buds from the base of the cane giving rise to crowded bunch of tillers.

The tillers bear pale yellow to completely chlorotic leaves.

Cane formation rarely takes place in affected clumps and if the canes are thin with short internodes.

Remedy –

Ajinkya’s Velvet 5 ml per liter water.

Grape

Downy Mildew

Symptoms –

The fungus is an obligate pathogen which can attack all green parts of the vine.
Symptoms of this disease are frequently confused with those of powdery mildew. Infected leaves develop pale yellow-green lesions which gradually turn brown. Severely infected leaves often drop prematurely.
Infected petioles, tendrils and shoots often curl, develop a shepherd’s crook, and eventually turn brown and die.
Young berries are highly susceptible to infection and are often covered with white fruiting structures of the fungus. Infected older berries of white cultivars may turn dull gray-green, whereas those of black cultivars turn pinkish red.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm + Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml per liter water. Accordingly, 5 sprays should be alternated after transfusion, alternating at 12 intervals.

Powdery Mildew

Symptoms –

Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Uncinulanecator, can infect all green tissues of the grapevine.
Tissues are generally susceptible to infection throughout the growing season.
Diseased leaves appear whitish gray, dusty or have a powdery white appearance. Petioles, cluster stems and green shoots often look distorted or stunted. Berries can be infected until their sugar content reaches about 8%.
If infected when young, the epidermis of the berry can split and the berries dry up or rot. When older berries are infected, a netlike pattern often develops on the surface of the berry.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm + Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml per liter water.

Bacterial Leaf Spot

Symptoms –

The young growing shoots are affected first. Disease infects leaves, shoots and berries. The symptoms appear as minute water soaked spots on the lower surface of the leaves along the main and lateral veins.
Later on these spots coalesce and form larger patches. Brownish black lesions are formed on the berries, which later become small and shriveled.

Remedy –

Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

Pomogranate

Alternaria Fruit Spot

Symptoms –

Small raddish brown circular spots appear on the fruit.

As the disease advance these spots coalesce to form larger patches & fruits start rotting.

Remedy –

Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml + Pacifier 0.3 ml per liter water & Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

 

Bacterial Fruit Blight

Symptoms –

Appearance of one to several small water soaked, dark coloured irregular spots on leaves resulting in premature defoliation under severe cases.

Spots on fruits were dark brown irregular slightly raised with oily appearance, which split open with L- shaped cracks under severe cases.

Remedy – Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

Tomato

Damping Off

Symptoms –

Damping off of tomato occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the post-emergence phase.

In the pre-emergence the phase the seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface.

The young radical and the plumule are killed and there is complete rotting of the seedlings.

The post-emergence phase is characterized by the infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground level.

The infected tissues become soft and water soaked. The seedlings topple over or collapse.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

 

Septoria leaf spot

Symptoms –

Less vigorous plant are usually affected.

Small, round to irregular spots with a grey center and dark margin on leaves.

Spots usually start on lower leaves and gradually advance upwards.

Spots coalesce and leaves are blighted.

Complete defoliation of affected leaves.

Stems and flowers are sometimes attacked.

Fruits are rarely attacked.

Remedy – Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

 

Bacterial stem and fruit canker

Symptoms –

Disease appears as spots on leaves, stems and fruits and as wilting of leaves and shoots.

White blister like spots in the margins of leaves.

Spots become brown with age and coalesce, but leaves do not fall off.

Leaflets on one side of rachis show withering initially.

Light coloured streaks on stems and petioles at the joints.

Cracks develop in streaks and form cankers.

Slimy bacterial ooze through the cracks in humid weather.

Small, shallow, water soaked, spots with white halo develop on fruits.

The centers of spots become slightly raised, tan coloured and rough.

Vascular discolouration is seen in split open stems.

Remedy – Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml + Pacifier 0.3 ml per liter water.

 

Chili

Bacterial Leaf spot

Symptoms –

The leaves exhibit small, circular or irregular, dark brown or black greasy spots. As the spots enlarge in size, the centre becomes lighter surrounded by a dark band of tissue. On the fruits, round, raised water soaked spots with a pale yellow border are produced.

Remedy –

Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

Bacterial Wilt

Symptoms –

The roots and lower part of the stem have a browning of the water-conducting portion (i.e. vascular system) of the plant. Diseased roots or stems that are cut and placed in a small container of water will show a steady, yellowish or gray bacterial ooze coming from the cut end.

Remedy – Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

Anthracnose

Symptoms –

Symptoms are seen on leaf, stem and fruit.

Small, circular spots on the skin of the fruit and expanded in the direction of long axis of the fruit.
The fruits with many spots drop off prematurely resulting in heavy loss of yield.
Fungus may also attack the fruit stalk and spread along the stem causing dieback symptoms.

Remedy – Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml + Pacifier 2 ml per liter water.

Capsicum

Bacterial Leaf spot

Symptoms –

The leaves exhibit small, circular or irregular, dark brown or black greasy spots. As the spots enlarge in size, the centre becomes lighter surrounded by a dark band of tissue. On the fruits, round, raised water soaked spots with a pale yellow border are produced.

Remedy –

Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

Bacterial Wilt

Symptoms –

The roots and lower part of the stem have a browning of the water-conducting portion (i.e. vascular system) of the plant. Diseased roots or stems that are cut and placed in a small container of water will show a steady, yellowish or gray bacterial ooze coming from the cut end.

Remedy – Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

Onion

Iris yellow spot

Symptoms –

Iris yellow spot virus are often seen as a cream, elliptical spots on the leaves. The spots also appear on onion scapes or flower stalks of onions.

As both infected leaves and scapes age, they can collapse at the site of the spots. The Spots Although the spots may be at first being insignificant, the disease has the potential of devastating the whole crop.

Remedy –

Ajinkya’s Velvet 5 ml per liter water.

 

Onion yellow dwarf disease

Symptoms –

The first symptoms of yellow dwarf in young onions are yellow streaks at the bases of the first true leaves.

 

Leaves are sometimes crinkled and flattened and tend to fall over. Bulbs are undersized.

Remedy – Ajinkya’s Velvet 5 ml per liter water.

Potato

Septoria leaf spot

Septoria leaf spot

Symptoms –

Less vigorous plants, small, round to unregular spots with a graycenter and dark margin on leaves spots, at later stage spot and leaves are blighted. Completed Stems and flowers are sometimes attacked. Fruits are rarely attacked Less vigorous plants.

Remedy –

Bactophor 0.5 gm per liter water.

Black scurf / Canker

Symptoms –

Rhizoctonia canker occurs when the stolons contact soil borne fungal bodies.
Pathogen infects plant tissue and causes stolon blinding thus reducing tuber production and yield.
It also causes infects tubers causing black scurf but this is purely cosmetic, reduces tuber appearance and does not reduce yield.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm per liter water. Besides Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml + 0.3 ml Pacifier per liter water.

Late blight

Symptoms –

This disease damages leaves, stems and tubers. Affected leaves appear blistered as if scalded by hot water and finally rot and dry out.

When drying out, leaves turn brown or black in color. When infections are still active, spots appear on the underside of leaves.

Affected stems from their tips and finally dry out.
Severe infections cause all foliage to rot, dry out and fall to the ground, stems to dry out and plants to die.

Affected tubers display dry brown-colored spots and flesh. This disease acts very quickly If it is not controlled, infected plants will die within two or three days.

Remedy – Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

BRinjal

Damping Off

Symptoms –

On leaf stunning & yellowing of foliage and finaly collapse of the entire plant.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

Leaf Spot

Symptoms –

The disease symptoms are characterized by chlorotic lesion, angular to irregular in shape, later turning greyish-brown. Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely, resulting in reduced fruit yield.

Remedy – Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml + Pacifier 0.3 ml per liter water Besides Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

Okra

Powdery Mildew

Symptoms –

Powdery white covering on leaves patches may coalesce to cover entire plant; if plant is heavily infected leaves may roll upward and appear scorched.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm + Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml per liter water.

 

Fusarium Wilt

Symptoms –

Wilting of cotyledons and seedling leaves; cotyledons become chlorotic at the edges and then necrotic; older plants exhibit symptoms of wilting and leaf chlorosis; wilting is usually gradual but may be pronounced after heavy summer rain; If infection is severe and can be killed; The vascular system of infected plants becomes discolored and can be seen.

Remedy – Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml + Pacifier 2 ml per liter water.

Cucumber

Leaf spot

Symptoms –

Small, yellow-brown spots with a yellow or green halo which first appears on the oldest leaves; As the disease progresses, lesions expand and become large necrotic patches, often with concentric Patternation lesions coalesce, leaves begin to curl and finally die.

Remedy –

Bordogold 5 gm & Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml per liter water. It should also spray the Pacifier 0.3 ml in water at 10 days interval.

Squash Mosaic

Symptoms –

Symptoms differ with Varieties of plants that can show symptoms which include green veinbanding, mottled leaves, blisters, ring spots or potruding veins at leaf margins; some squash varieties may develop leaf enations; infected plants are often stunted and can be malformed with mottled skin.

Remedy – Ajinkya’s Velvet 5 ml per liter water.

Anthracnose

Anthracnose

Symptoms –

Brown roughly circular lesions with yellow edges on leaves, petioles, stems and / or fruit; lesions on resistant varieties appear tan with green edges; Dry out.

Remedy – Bordogold 5 gm & Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml per liter water. It should also spray the Pacifier 0.3 ml in water at 10 days interval.

Downey mildew

Downey mildew

Symptoms –

Fluffy purplish mildew on underside of leaves; yellow spots.

Remedy –

Ajinkya’s Fusion 5 ml + Bordogold 5 gm per liter water.

Watermelon

Aphid and Thrips

Symptoms – 

They suck the sap from the leaves resulting in yellowing and dropping of leaves. Thrips results in curling of leaves, leaves become cup shaped or curved upward.

Remedy –

If infestation is observed in field, to control spray the crop with Thiamethoxam@5gm/15Ltr of water. If infestation of sucking pest and powdery/downy mildew is observed, take spray of Thiamethoxam and 15days after spraying, spray with Dimethoate@250ml + Tridemorph@100ml/200Ltr of water.

Fruit fly

Symptoms –

It is serious pest. Females lay eggs below epidermis of young fruits. Later on maggots feed on pulp afterward fruits starts rotting.

Remedy – Remove and destroyed infected fruits away from field. If infestation is observed, at initial stage take spray of Neem seed kernal extracts @50gm/Ltr of water. Take spray of Malathion @300ml + Jaggery @100gm in 200litre of water 3-4times at 10 days interval.

Anthracnose

Symptoms –

Anthracnose affected foliage appears scorched appearance.

Remedy –

As a preventive measure, treat seed with Carbendazim@2gm/kg of seed. If infestation is observed in field, take spray of Mancozeb@400gm or Carbendazim@400gm/200liter of water.

Powdery Mildew

Symptoms – Patchy, white powdery growth appears on upper surface of leaves also on main stem of infected plant. It parasitizes the plant using it as a food source. In severe infestation it causes defoliation and premature fruit ripening.

Remedy – If infestation is observed take spray of water soluble Sulphur@20gm/10Ltr of water 2-3 times with interval of 10 days.

Sudden wilt

Symptoms –

It can affect crop at any stage. Plant get weak and give yellow appearance at initial stage, in severe infestation complete wilting is observed.

Remedy – Avoid water logging in field. Destroy infected parts away from field. Apply Trichoderma Viride@1kg/acre mixed with 20kg FYM or Well decomposed Cowdung. If infestation is observed, take spray of Mancozeb or Copper Oxychloride@400gm/200liter or Carbendazim or Thiophanate-methyl@200gm/200liter of water.

Leaf Miner

Symptoms –

Maggots of leaf miner feed on leaf and make serpentine mines into leaf. It affects the photosynthesis and fruit formation.

Remedy –

If infestation of leaf miner is observed, spray of Abamectin@6ml/15Ltr of water should be done to get rid of leaf miner.

Wheat

Aphids in wheat crop

Aphids

Symptoms – These are nearly transparent, soft-bodied sucking insects. When present in sufficient numbers, aphids can cause yellowing and premature death of leaves. Infestation usually occurs during second fortnight of January till crop harvesting.
Remedy – For management of Aphid, use chrysoperla predators 5-8 thousand/acre or use 50 ml/Ltr neem concentrate. In cloudy weather infestation of aphid is occurred. Spray with Thiamethoxam@80gm or Imidacloprid 40-60 ml/ acre in 100 Ltr of water.

Termites in Wheat crop

Termite

Symptoms – Termites attack the crop at various growth stages, from seedlings to maturity. The severely damaged plants can be easily uprooted and look wilted and dried. In case roots are partially damaged, the plants show yellowing. 

Remedy – To control broadcast 1 Ltr of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC mix with 20 kg sand/acre then applies a light irrigation.

Flag smut in wheat crop

Flag smut

Symptoms –

It is seed borne disease. Infection spread through wind. It is favoured by cool, humid conditions during flowering period of the host plant.

Remedy –

Treat the seed with fungicides like carboxyl (Vitavax 75 WP @ 2.5 gm/kg of seeds), Carbendazim(Bavistin 50 WP)@2.5 gm/kg seed), Tebuconazole(Raxil 2 DS)@1.25 gm/kg of seed) if the disease level in the seed lot is high. If it is low to moderate, treat the seed with a combination of Trichoderma viride@4 gm/kg seed and half the recommended dose of Carboxin(Vitavax 75 WP)@1.25 gm/kg seed.

Powdery mildew in wheat crop

Powdery Mildew

Symptoms – Greyish white powdery growth appears on the leaf, sheath, stem and floral parts. Powdery growth later become black lesion and cause drying of leaves and other parts.

Remedy – When incidence of disease is observed, spray with wettable sulphur@2 gm/ Ltr of water or Carbendazim @400gm/acre. In case of high incidence, spray with Propiconazole@2 ml/ Ltr of water.

Powdery mildew in wheat crop

Karnal bunt

Symptoms –

It is seed and soil borne disease. Infection occurs at flowering stage. Cloudy weather condition during spike emergence to grain filling stage of crop leads to development of disease. If the rains occur during the month of February in north Indian plains (disease-prone areas), the disease is likely to come with higher severity.

Remedy –

For control of this disease use karnal bunt resistant varieties. For management of this disease, take one spray of Propiconazole (Tilt 25 EC) @2ml/ Ltr of water at ear head emergence stage.

 

Brown rust in wheat crop

Brown rust

Symptoms –

It is favoured by warm temperatures (15-30° C) and humid conditions. Brown rust is characterized by reddish- brown spores that occur in oval or elongated pustules. The disease can develop rapidly when free moisture is available and temperatures are near 20° C. Successive generations of urediospores can be produced every 10-14 days if conditions are favourable.

 

Remedy –

For control of this disease, follow mixed cropping with suitable crops. Avoid excessive use of Nitrogen fertilizer. Spray Zineb Z-78@400 gm/acre or Propiconazole@2ml/Litre of water.

 

Stripe:Yellow rust in wheat crop

Stripe/Yellow rust

Symptoms –

The ideal growth conditions for yellow rust are temperatures of between 8-13° C for spore germination and penetration, and 12-15° C for further development and with free water. The yield penalties from yellow rust in wheat can range from 5% to as high as 30% in high disease pressure scenarios. The pustules of stripe rust, which, contain yellow to orange-yellow urediospores, usually form narrow stripes on the leaves.

Remedy –

For control of this disease, use rust resistant variety. Follow crop rotation and adopt mix cropping pattern. Avoid excess use of Nitrogen. When symptom observed, do dusting of Sulphur @5-10 kg/acre or take spray of Mancozeb @ 2 gm/Ltr or spray the crop with Propiconazole (Tilt) 25 EC @2 ml / litre of water.